Breast Cancer Treatment

Patient receiving treatment
Undergoing breast cancer treatment involves understanding side effects, managing emotional and physical changes, and seeking support from family, friends and the workplace.

Treatment of Breast Cancer: An Overview

Treatment for breast cancer depends on several factors, including the stage and type of cancer, individual patient characteristics and overall health. Each treatment plan is tailored to address the specific needs of the patient, ensuring the most effective approach for their cancer situation.

Here’s a brief overview of common breast cancer treatments and their side effects:

Surgery

Surgery involves removing the cancerous lump or tumour, along with surrounding tissue. The aim is to remove as much of cancerous tissue as possible to improve chances of curing the cancer or reducing its size before other treatments.

Common surgery procedures:

1. Lumpectomy (removal of the tumour and a small margin of surrounding tissue)

2. Mastectomy (removal of one or both breasts).

3. Reconstruction (rebuilding the breast after removal)

Side Effects:

  • Pain and Discomfort: Common in the area of surgery.
  • Swelling: Especially if lymph nodes are removed.
  • Limited Mobility: Particularly in the shoulder and arm.
  • Scarring: Visible scars that may fade over time.
  • Lymphedema: If lymph nodes are removed during surgery.

Preparation for Surgery:
This includes pre-operative assessments, consultations with your doctor or specialist, and following specific instructions on diet, medications, preferences, allergies, and daily routines.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves using powerful drugs to destroy or slow cancer cell growth.

It treats breast cancer that has spread or shrink tumours before surgery by targeting cancer cells throughout the body.

Chemotherapy is used at various stages: after surgery to remove remaining cells, before surgery to shrink tumours, or for metastatic breast cancer to control the disease and relieve symptoms.

Side Effects:

  • Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.
  • Nausea / Vomiting: Common, but often manageable with medication.
  • Hair Loss: Typically temporary, affecting the scalp and sometimes eyebrows, eyelashes, and other body hair.
  • Mouth Sores: Painful sores or ulcers in the mouth.
  • Changes in Appetite and Taste: Foods may taste different or less appealing.

Preparing for Chemotherapy:
Consult with your oncologist to understand the details, side effects, and their role in your treatment plan. Complete any required pre-treatment tests and arrange transportation and support, as treatment days can be lengthy and side effects may require assistance.

Radiation Therapy

Commonly employed after surgery, radiotherapy uses high-energy radiation to target, kill cancer cells, and shrink or control tumor growth. The goal is to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. In some cases, it treats metastatic breast cancer in specific areas, such as the bones or brain.

Radiotherapy is used typically following lumpectomy but may also be applied after mastectomy if there’s a high risk of cancer returning or if it has spread to lymph nodes.

Side Effects:

  • Skin Changes: Redness, Irritation and sensitivity in the treated area
  • Fatigue: Often increases as treatment progresses
  • Swelling: Particularly in the breast or surrounding areas
  • Breast or Chest Pain: Soreness in treated area(s)
  • Lymphedema: Swelling in the arm or hand due to lymph node removal.

Preparing for Radiotherapy:
Attend a simulation appointment to position your body accurately for radiation targeting. Discuss potential side effects and management strategies, including skin care and sun protection. Plan for daily treatment sessions over several weeks and arrange time off from work as needed.

Hormonal Therapy

In Hormone therapy, medications are used to block or lower natural hormones to prevent hormone-sensitive cancer cells from growing. This therapy targets hormone receptor-positive breast cancers by addressing tumors that respond to hormones like estrogen or progesterone.

Typically administered after surgery, this therapy aims to reduce the risk of recurrence and manage metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor-positive.

 

Side Effects:

  • Hot flushes: Sudden feelings of warmth, often accompanied by sweating.
  • Vaginal Dryness (*for females): Can lead to discomfort during intercourse
  • Mood Swings: Changes in mood, including feelings of depression or anxiety
  • Bone Thinning: Increased risk of Osteoporosis
  • Weight Gain: Potential for gradual weight increase.

Preparing for Hormone Therapy:
Discuss medications with your doctor, including side effects and any interactions with other treatments. Adjust your lifestyle, such as eating healthy and exercising regularly to help manage side effects and support your overall well-being.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves using medications to specifically block the molecules that cancer cells need to grow, aiming to more precisely attack cancer cells and reduce damage to healthy cells.

This therapy is commonly used for cancers with specific genetic changes or protein levels, like HER2-positive breast cancer, and is often combined with chemotherapy or hormone therapy for enhanced effectiveness.

Side Effects:
  • Diarrhea (*Usually manageable).
  • Skin Rash: Particularly with HER2 inhibitors.
  • Heart Problems: Some targeted therapies can affect heart function.
  • Fatigue: Similar to other treatment, but varies in intensity
Preparing for Targeted Therapy:
Undergo genetic testing to determine if targeted therapy is right for you. Get to know the therapy’s specific targets, potential side effects, and its role in your overall treatment plan. Be prepared for regular monitoring and follow-up appointments to track progress.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It involves using substances that stimulate or enhance the body’s natural defenses, aiming for better outcomes in the fight against cancer.

This therapy is particularly effective for certain types of cancer, including Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), and is often combined with other treatments such as chemotherapy, for overall effectiveness and to boost treatment success:

Side Effects:

  • Flu-like Symptoms: Including fever, chills and fatigue
  • Skin Reactions: Rash or itchiness, especially at the site of injection
  • Diarrhea (Can be more severe in some cases)
  • Lung Inflammation: Lead to shortness of breath or coughing
Preparing for Immunotherapy: Undergo testing to see if your cancer will respond to immunotherapy, including biomarker tests. Know the treatment specifics – how it works, outcomes and potential side effects. Be ready for frequent health monitoring and set up a support system to help you navigate through the treatment journey.

Preparing for breast cancer treatment

Please consult your doctor if you have any questions about the above information.

The path from diagnosis to treatment can be daunting, but understanding the effects of treatment and surgery helps you prepare both mentally and physically. Additionally, preparing a list of questions about your treatment can provide a clearer idea of what to expect.

Mental preparation and awareness

Making mental preparations is just as important as physical readiness. Knowing the potential outcomes of treatment and surgery can help you:

  • Understand what to expect
  • Reduce anxiety and build resilience
  • Support overall health and well-being, throughout the process.

Have support systems in place

  • Emotional and Psychological Support
    Lean on friends you can trust, and family for companionship, encouragement and comfort to help alleviate the emotional strain that often accompanies treatment and surgery.
  • Physical Assistance
    Plan for practical help, as daily activities may become challenging. Make arrangements with loved ones for assistance with transportation, meals and household chores so that you can focus on your health.

Keep your appointments organised

Patients may find a weekly schedule planner useful for organizing and managing appointments, medications, scans, therapy, and side effects. Here’s how to make the most of it:

  • Set Reminders: Never miss a step—schedule reminders for every appointment and medication.
  • Track Your Progress: Document side effects and any changes to discuss with your doctor or specialist.
  • Prioritize Well-being: Include time for rest and self-care, especially on challenging days.

Managing treatment

Never give up: Undergoing breast cancer treatment is tough and we know that. Managing pain and discomfort is essential to thriving and completing your treatment and care plan.

Staying resilient through the toughest moments helps you press on and prevents early termination of treatment. Remember: each step forward is progress towards healing.
Recovery support

BCSC @ Khoo Teck Puat

Maintaining general health

Maintaining overall health during breast cancer treatment is crucial for helping your body cope and recover.

Focusing on these key areas enhances your body’s ability to cope with the rigors of treatment and promote recovery.

  • Nutrition: Treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, can weaken the immune system and cause side effects like nausea or appetite loss. A nutrient-rich diet helps patients maintain strength, supports the immune system and aids in recovery.
  • Physical Activity: Suitable light and gentle exercises can alleviate common treatment side effects, such as fatigue and joint pain. Physical activity also contributes to overall well-being, improving mood and reducing anxiety.
  • Rest and Sleep: During treatment recovery, sleep patterns can be disrupted by pain, anxiety, or hormonal changes. Prioritizing rest helps the body heal, manage the physical and emotional toll of treatment and expedite recovery.
  • Mental Well-being: The emotional impact and stress of a breast cancer diagnosis and treatment can be overwhelming. Having a network of supportive family members and friends provides emotional strength and practical help during difficult times. Practicing mindfulness, attending support groups and counseling help in managing anxiety, depression, and other emotional challenges.
  • Hydration: Treatments like chemotherapy can cause dehydration, nausea and diarrhea, making hydration critical. Drinking enough water helps mitigate these and supports the body’s overall function.
  • Regular Follow-Ups: Consistent communication with your doctor ensures that any issues or complications are addressed promptly. Following up with him/her regularly is essential for adjusting treatment plans as needed, and for managing any side effects effectively.
By taking care of all these key areas, overall health and well-being can be maintained, aiding in navigating breast cancer treatments more effectively.

Managing life outside treatment

Balancing personal, household and work commitments while undergoing breast cancer treatment can be challenging. Managing and staying on top of medical appointments, daily responsibilities, and job requirements add significant stress to an already challenging time.

Here are a couple of ways on how to effectively handle these demands:

  • Identify your limits: Take on less stressful work, or prioritize and delegate tasks at home or at work to reduce anxiety, stress and avoid feeling overwhelmed.
  • Communicate Your Needs Clearly: Discuss your needs with both your employer and those around you to ensure a supportive environment.

    For example, clearly communicate the support you require, such as the flexibility to attend medical follow-up appointments.

  • Plan Proactively: Use resources to manage your time efficiently and coordinate with your doctor or specialist to minimize disruptions and maintain smooth operations.

Applying these tips effectively can help you manage daily life during treatment, reducing stress and creating a supportive environment, so that you can focus on your recovery.

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Taking care of your emotions

Managing your emotions is crucial during breast cancer treatment. Acknowledge your feelings, seek support, attend support groups, and practice self-care activities that bring you joy.

Consider professional help if needed, and practice mindfulness to manage stress and anxiety. Caring for your emotions helps you navigate treatment challenges, supports overall well-being and aids recovery.

Coping with self-esteem

Navigating changes in body image and self-esteem during treatment can be challenging, but you have the strength and all the resources within you to overcome this journey.

Here’s how to support yourself:

  • Embrace Your Feelings: Acknowledging and accept that changes in body image are part of the process, and allow yourself to feel your emotions.
  • Seek Support: Connect with people in similar journeys, join support groups or attend counseling for empathy and guidance.
  • Remind Yourself of Your Strengths: Focus on your achievements and inner qualities. Engage in activities that uplift your mood and boost your self-confidence.
  • Prioritize Self-Care: Practice self-care to nurture a positive self-image and overall well-being. Develop resilience and always maintain a positive outlook.
Stay strong and determined. By embracing your feelings, seeking support, recognizing your strengths, and prioritizing self-care, you can build resilience and maintain a positive self-esteem throughout your treatment.
Recovery support

Positive Appearance Scheme

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Recovery support

Wig Loan Programme

Find a supportive community

Remember, you don’t have to fight your condition alone. Surround yourself with positive energy by being around encouraging people. 



Lean on your friends and family for companionship, and immerse yourself in a community that understands your journey.


You can chat with a counsellor to relieve stress and pick up good advice. Or you can join our BCF community and stay active with our support programmes that will see you through rain or shine.

Recovery support

Healing through the Arts

Women in fitness gear
Emotional support

BCF Support Groups

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More information to help you

Research news

A Study In Pink: Young Women & Breast Cancer

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Multi-sectoral Workshop Report 2024

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Nutrition tips for health and recovery

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Breast cancer glossary

Programmes to support you

Navigating breast cancer treatment can be challenging. BCF is here to provide holistic support, from emotional and psychosocial care to practical advice.

Explore our Recovery Support programmes designed to assist you every step of the way.

BCF Support Groups

Healing through the Arts

Wig Loan Programme

BCSC @ Khoo Teck Puat

Words of Strength from BCF:
“While the journey may be long and challenging, always remember - the strength you seek is already within you. Every step forward is a testament to your resilience and courage. ”

Events for you

Faces of Courage: Stories Behind the Diagnosis

Pink Light Up 2026

Warrior’s Retreat 2026

Pink Ribbon Walk 2026

We are here for you.

Connect with others on the same journey. Access support tailored to your treatment when you sign up for BCF Membership. Join our community today!

Disclaimer


All the information provided on this website is correct at the time of edition and subject to revision without prior notice. The information, including but not limited to, text, graphics, images and other material provided here is meant purely for educational purposes and may not be used as substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You should seek the advice of your doctor or qualified healthcare professional if you have any questions related to your health or medical conditions.

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